Spiegazione dei termini


Spiegazione dei termini

Studio di coorte:
una coorte è un gruppo di persone con una o più caratteristiche comuni (anno di nascita, malattia ecc.), questa viene seguita nel tempo riguardo l’insorgenza di determinate caratteristiche (per es. insorgenza di una malattia).
Prospettivo:
ispezione di un determinato quesito definito prima dell’inizio dello studio, i dati vengono raccolti ed esaminati a partire dall’inizio dello studio.
Retrospettivo:
vengono analizzati dati già presenti.
Studio di prevalenza:
lo studio di prevalenza studia la frequenza di una particolare patologia in una popolazione.
Studi “ecologici”:
con il termine “studi ecologici” s’intendono studi che non esaminano singoli individui, ma raccolgono dati aggregati per spazio e tempo in una determinata area.
Revisione della Letteratura (review):
è una revisione di più articoli o lavori scientifici su un medesimo argomento scientifico, vengono raccolti e riassunti con metodi appropriati e valutati criticamente.
Studi caso-controllo:
si tratta di uno studio retrospettivo nel quale vengono confrontati un campione di persone malate (casi) con un campione di persone sane (controlli) rispetto ad una precedente esposizione.
Studio randomizzato controllato:
i soggetti coinvolti nello studio sono assegnati in modo casuale in due gruppi: il gruppo sperimentale che riceve il trattamento, e il gruppo di controllo che riceve un diverso, un placebo o nessun trattamento. Nel migliore dei casi né lo sperimentatore né i soggetti coinvolti sono a conoscenza del trattamento assegnato, doppio cieco. La randomizzazione garantisce che i gruppi siano il più uguale possibile e che variabili non note, si distribuiscano in maniera uniforme nei due gruppi. Controllato si riferisce ai risultati del gruppo sperimentale e quello di controllo, che vengono confrontati.
Fonte: bfs.de, www.gesundheit.gv.at

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